Our analysis examined whether baseline hemoglobin levels and anemia are associated with being at least pre-frail at baseline and any yearly follow-up time point over three years.
In conclusion, our results provide novel insights into the association between hemoglobin levels, anemia, and pre-frailty in generally healthy and active older adults.
Among generally healthy, active, and largely vitamin D3 replete adults aged 70 years and older, vitamin D3, omega-3s and SHEP, individually and in combination had no benefits on self-reported PA and objectively measured physical function. The detrimental effect of vitamin D supplementation on PA change needs further examination.
Among healthy, physically active older adults, ALMI and incidence of sarcopenia were not improved by treatment of daily 2000 IU vitamin D, daily 1 g omega-3s, or a simple home exercise program compared with control over 3 years.
Supplementation with daily high-dose vitamin D3 plus omega-3s, combined with SHEP, showed cumulative reduction in the cancer risk in generally healthy and active and largely vitamin D-replete adults ≥70 years.
We observed dynamic trajectories of ageing where transitioning to a healthier state became less likely with advancing age and among women.
Individualized public health efforts may be warranted even in active older adults, as profiles were less favorable in subgroups of older age, female sex and higher BMI.
DO-HEALTH was registered under the protocol NCT01745263 at the International Trials Registry ( clinicaltrials.gov ), and under the protocol number 2012-001249-41 at the Registration at the European Community Clinical Trial System (EudraCT).